Two different sets of writing
I think there must be at least two different civilizations at work here. If you look at the writing on the walls of the temple, it looks like a stylized version of Cuneiform. You also see it on the entrance to the head chamber, and the arch over the doorway.
However, the symbols on the ampules are completely different. They are similiar to maybe Arabic or Hindu, but again, they are made up for the film.
It might be as simple as the Engineers with their uber-technology are living in a previously abandoned ancient temple complex.






